..1995.. (1995)44Time Yomiuri education prize winning a prize
Guidance and management of school that answers various educational needs
Through the significance of existence of the class at nighttime
Kasuga Junior high school nights school class in Nara
Teacher Shuuji Kawamura
1. Outline of night junior high school
To the whole country (
These students' study needs@Qualification master of compulsory education endAAcquisition of scholastic attainments for going on to high schoolBTo want to experience the school lifeCFor
the acquisition of JapaneseDSo that Japanese society is
requested and place of knowing international understanding is requestedStudents
who learn to the night junior high school are the person where it lived in a
history and social contradiction of the retreat at that time, and they are
people for whom the education is not secured. It is not the one to have worked
positively when the country straightened the educational area for these those
who uncompleted the compulsory education for the establishment of the class at
nighttime. It tries to answer the desire and that of entering school of people
who have been casted away from the education of doing as the night junior high
school establishment exercise of the civilian and the teacher. There is no
experience that a lot of students touched the school at the school age period
at all, and it experiences only on the way. There is the one to grip the pencil
only after it comes to the night junior high school, too. Most schools organize
an original curriculum that conforms to these students' study demands in such
the realities, and educational practice is done. The content of the compulsory
education is School Education Law at the school usually.
17Article35Article"Purpose"18Article36Based on "Target" of
the article20Article38Article and School Education Law enforcement rule25Article54It
is obligated to organize the curriculum the notification of Minister of
Education by two of the articles based on the course of study. However, this
has assumption that it is the one from which the compulsory education is given
to children of school age and the student and a fixed idea. Not only the
objection of the school education law but also there are unsuitable a lot of
points for the content because most of the student of the night junior high
school is an adult. Therefore, a flexible way to catch is done for the
organization of the curriculum, and an original device in the content of
guidance and the guidance method is done at each school. However, the night
junior high school school : today. ’Because it is one
class set up in the junior high school of School Education Law Article 1, the
curriculum based on the junior high school course of study is executed. The end
period of the junior high school is three years. £(1995March
of age16It is requested from the school on the site to make people who have not
gone to the elementary school as the answer of the day Ministry of Education to
the nationwide night junior high school school society) acquire the content of
the compulsory education of nine years to the school age child student in three
years. Here is sure to be won the body and mentally than the child because the
student of the night junior high school is an adult, and the study master is
also easier. There is an idea of easiness. Actually, it takes times time how
many for study to make the adult who lacks the character at the right time the
master of the same study more than the child, and the difficulty of guidance is
attended. It is necessary to understand the significance of existence of the
night junior high school to the one related to educational administration. An
important problem of considering what should be of the compulsory education of
The senior citizen is in the
night junior high school, this system has only a transitory necessity, and
either doesn't spend money in the management maintenance of the night junior
high school by the idea that a night junior high school today might be not
natural as much as possible. Or, there is an idea that the problem that the
middle of the night has in the measure of the lifelong learning can be taken.
(the following Education minister Okuno remarks
etc.) Moreover,1993When saying, it is guided when the annual meeting
meter inspection personnel's audit concentrates on the night junior high school
in the whole country, "There is a problem from economy, efficiency,
fairness, and A respect, and it is necessary to be reviewed". However,
neither the concrete measure for the review, the substitution idea of the night
junior high school system nor the view are actually shown. Needs of the night
junior high school keep rising today in that situation. It gives
birth to a lot of those who do not enter school as a new social phenomenon
today though the principle of the compulsory education is a complete entering
school. Truant child student 60,0001000The person (1993 fiscal year) has been
produced. The one to want an educational system of the night junior high school
has gone out gradually from among them. It is increasing exactly around
If it sets foot on the school
even by a day because not the course principle but ageism is taken, the
compulsory education of
1991Those who enter a school
about the night junior high school are absorbed by that and it doesn't decrease
though the administration starts being enforced law "Life study promotion
method" concerning the maintenance such as systems of promotion of the
measure for the promotion of the lifelong learning to the age, and is
established "Reading and writing classroom" in communal facilities
such as public halls and "Japanese room" based on this law, and
dealing with non-literacy person. It increases rapidly, and an increase in
"
2. A
(1)History of night junior high school
Except the evening school
school "Hinhit elementary school" and "Village elementary
school" since the educational system in 1872 the night junior high school
school1947It is the one that continues after a new educational system of age
(1947) starts. *5At first,"Special class set up in junior high
school to offer chance of compulsory education from reason for life poverty
etc. for school age student that starting work or housework help, etc. were
done through necessity in daytime etc. at nighttime"(1985Age1The moon22It
exists as the answer of the country on the day to the assembly member of Haruko
Yoshikawa the House of Councilors), and the elementary school in 1949. 40Every
junior high school34There were a preschooler and a student of every economic
reason. It is the stopping one that did not get, and was done in the standpoint
of supplementing the school of daytime at nighttime. It starts from the opening
of the poor long-term absence student relief class that is called "Class
during the evening" in the second junior high school in Ikuno in
First of all, it previously
described. 1950When the Toshitoukyout board of education and the
To the view to the
above-mentioned night junior high school1970The movement from the increase
movement of an independent night junior high school to making to public became
active at the age. The purpose of the reason why the person related to the night
junior high school school wanted the position at the school of School Education
Law Article 1 is the educational condition acquisition of the facilities
equipment etc. while putting it out of dealing in Social Education the
stability of management as contents of the educational administration measure
of the compulsory education in ..country.. those who exceeded it the school
age. Doing was a true place though an original educational content and the
method to secure scholastic attainments from the literacy that neither the
target, the subject nor the period of the education that was the element that
advanced the compulsory education were similarly accepted but the night junior
high school school had actually based to the elementary and primary education
wanted to obtain a steady condition in a human condition such as facilities,
equipment, and leaders. Worry that the management under might advance, and free
atmosphere be deprived was strong if becoming making to public as an anxiety
when making it from an independent night junior high school to public about the
place. In
It is not a present compulsory education system that the night junior high school hopes truly. It is a creation of an educational system that doesn't reproduce an educational system of the school age period in the adult but is new. To the end..original..legislative proceedings..request..reality..difficult..current legal system..flexible..interpretation of logic..flexible..legal interpretation..administration..side..cooperation..necessary.
The correspondence that the
local authority shows is various, a vague attitude of the Ministry of Education
is reflected in that situation, and the response of the municipality is asunder
on a nationwide scale. The place of the discussion with the administration is
regularly installed at first of foundation of a school by eight night junior
high schools (Komatsugawa 2 internally in Adachi 4 in
In Osaka1993September of age14The following seven items were directed to seven city board of education under the prefecture that set up the class during day and night. @The junior high school education is executed. AThe entrance only for Japanese acquisition and literacy is not admitted. BThe city educational commitee admits. CThe end of April is assumed to be a limit at the entrance time. DDo not be about double on the register. EHowever, the study period will be assumed to be six years or less for the time being for three years. FThe person who was absent continuously longer than half a year assumes removing from the register for the attendance days ten days or less of one year. Afterwards, after the discussion such as civic groups that support the night junior high school with the person who opposes this related to the night junior high school school1994The Osaka founder of a religion and the joint struggle of the village liberating were centered in February of the age, and it understood as a rule by both the instruction matter and oral confirmations and the negotiation came to an agreement about four items. The content : in shape to arrange seven items. @The curriculum of the junior high school is organized, and the junior high school education is executed. AJapanese acquisition and literacy admit and the person of the prevailing purpose doesn't admit entering a school. BThe installation city board of education does and the admission ..proper on the register management.. is tried. CThe end of April is assumed to be a limit about the entrance time. It is the one.
On the other hand, it catches
in Nara Prefecture Tenri City as follows. As for the class between the law of
nature municipal north junior high school nights, it is ..(.. the Showa era.
63July of age15Day..board of education..junior high school..school
age..exceeding..person..junior high
school..graduate..person..among..especially..desire for
learning..vigorous..do..junior high
school..graduation..hope..person..nighttime..junior high
school..education..give..aim..nighttime..class..set up.
Thus, the difference of posture at the local government level is large, and confusion is given to the approach of the class between each night. Especially, four items of Osaka are put out, and the dilemma of the night junior high school that came without touching as discretion of various place public group at an advanced approach and the asset-inflated economy in the night junior high school in the whole country. That is, the textbook is not used from student's realities with cannot help extending the study period three years by invoking the measures of the original class custody etc. , and an original curriculum and an independent teaching material. It was a great shock in the person related to the night junior high school that the administration had depressed it directly to the point that the realities that were not able to be used unpleasantly have not adjusted completely legally etc.It is settled now as the school society the whole country and for, and each originality works on the solution of this common challenge that the night junior high school holds admitting though the approach method in various places is various.
3. Significance of existence in the middle of the night
1. Location and reality in the middle of the night
Night junior high school..compulsory education..leave..one..secure.security)Amends to person who arrives at overage as contradiction of function and society(compensation)With compensation(reparation)It is thought that it drinks and there is significant. ..doing.. Mi adheres at the school age period contents of the compulsory education of Japan, and there are a lot of consisting one in the one like the matter etc. that can be tasted for study to have the character at the right time only at the school age period. A lot of people who learn to the night junior high school are people from whom it was deprived of this time, and the content of the course of study made a school age student object doesn't apply to the night junior high school as it is. In the nationwide night junior high school school research rally, the request for the Ministry of Education every year though the answer of the sending Ministry of Education is obtained, the Ministry of Education : to the question in that with "Recognize substance to which a lot of those who do not enter school and those who uncomplete the elementary school are on the register to the student at the night junior high school school, authorize a basic class, and secure the study years etc. that correspond to student's substance". ’Because it is one class set up in the junior high school of School Education Law Article 1, the curriculum based on the junior high school course of study is executed. The end period of the junior high school is three years. £It keeps saying. This is received, the problem of Osaka previously described of eight item four item is brought in to the site of the night junior high school, and confusion has been caused. This is a big problem for the existence of the night junior high school.
There is a problem whether literacy can become contents of the compulsory education or it is necessary to separate one from the class at nighttime. In the current state of a present night junior high school, those from the literacy level who enter a school are occupying a lot. Moreover, it is a study condition for which a present night junior high school student hopes. @The class of full-time that it is once a week and is not two times must be attended. ABe free by the public expense. BThe system that scholastic attainments to be able to achieve the purpose and the target of the compulsory education completely can be acquired must be straightened. CConsider handicap like the age etc. of the study beginning. . "Achieve the purpose and the target of the junior high school in three years" that the Ministry of Education means doesn't consider the reality. It is the same as saying to those who uncomplete the compulsory education as good in imperfect educational service.
Nighttime..class..special..lifelong learning..compulsory education..completion..person..intended for..new..system..create..problem.A basic, educational system that is the master of the elementary school course is necessary before it is made to enter a school in the middle of the night if the standpoint of "Two is educated in the middle of the night" that the Ministry of Education means is taken. It is necessary to establish the literacy classroom that teaches so-called "Reading and writing" publicly. Moreover, it is necessary to set the place of finishing of the grade school teaching of six years to which the junior high school course is required. Moreover, they are three patterns of the learner of the night junior high school. @Person who doesn't receive compulsory education at all. ACountry of settling down Japan-South Korea lives Korean people, those who China return home children, and family who is related to war reparations. BThe classroom where the one etc. to need the compulsory education in the new visit to Japan person were considered will have to be managed.
(1)The middle of the night as place of literacy
It still has literacy as contents of an important educational activity of the night junior high school. There is a character in study at the right time. First of all, recognition with a necessary difficulty extremely and serious effort is necessary for starting studying for the first time after people who missed the period at that time or were deprived do not have the character at all and it becomes aged. In a lot of schools, the acquisition of the character is not mechanically memorized but it goes to daily life in the root shape to sit. The diary and the composition guidance are valued as the method. These learning outcomes have been brought together in shape of collection of works of the school. When these are seen, the desire in the mind of me who had been suppressed up to now is frankly expressed by acquiring the character as the tool. It vividly spells it exactly like the fish put back in the water. It has lived up to now in the world without the character, and the rich power of expression cultivated in life practicing it stays with terrible of individual alive externals. Night junior high school..meet..please..life..hardship..live..meaning..think..person..warmth..free..write..the..content..anti-war..peaceful..hope..voice..discrimination..aspect.Irrational contradiction of the society comes into view by acquiring the character. The above-mentioned and saying that literacy will only obtain the tool do not the purpose but the self-reform, and it is an aimed starting point, and the night junior high school bears the motive of the man education in the starting point putting bearing the purpose of the education of Fundamentals of Education Law that aim at the perfection of character the female one it. (- School..collection of works..see..chance..obtain..desirous.
Study is started from the literacy level, it enters the high school, and there is entered person to the university in no small way, too. It is alive a witness of the existence of the person from whom it has been deprived of the compulsory education in Japan, and the equality of opportunity of Fundamentals of Education Law Article 3 education ..".. shows no accomplishment completely by them though they are competent. It is natural, and even when a lot of those who unenter school do not give birth like the aftermath, it does and it seems as it is likely to fall from , legal measures, to spill, and this showing not becoming it by the nil that the educational administration of the country and the local authority keeps making an effort about the people's compulsory education complete entering school in the society of the future cannot say it is complete. In that sense, the night junior high school wishes more than now to want you to enhance it as an organization that supplements a complete entering school of the compulsory education of Japan.
By the way, at present, the organization that does the literacy classroom, especially "Reading writing" has a literacy classroom and private reading and writing classroom in the public night junior high school school, the independent night junior high school school, and the village to be discriminated. It is only a night junior high school that is managed full-time by a human, material, public security in this. It is only a night junior high school that the proof of the junior high school graduation for the qualification acquisition for going on to school is issued.
It is thought that it is realistic, and is efficient, and more efficient to assume the night junior high school to be the one that contains it from the literacy level though the literacy level types out another organization in the Ministry of Education. Because even if the organization at the literacy level is created, it is necessary to secure the organization at the elementary school course, the junior high school course, and facilities that come in succession as follows.
(2)Security of compulsory education to settled foreigner
In a present student composition of the night junior high school, settled foreigner. *8It is necessary to contain literacy in that. They have a lot of people only for whom not only the acquisition of Japanese but also a so-called compulsory education has not been secured. Japan..country..resident..perfection of character..aim..peaceful..nation..promote..obligation..our country..think.There is a base of life in a Japanese society, and the social life relation is substantially with the Japanese the difference, and says the settled foreigner who says here the person who doesn't have the nationality. Concretely, it is all the people who are in Japan the life base such as the people who have the will to come to Japan by the person and the marriage visit to Japan, etc. to be born and grow up in Japan in South Korea, Korean people that the visit to Japan was done through necessity directly regardless of indirectly in the war to which previous our country was related, China, Taiwanese, and their descendant and to be going to settle down during the future, and are accomplishing the tax obligation. (It is made to the person of the short on the nationality method. ) It is necessary to unite ideas of literacy to the settled foreigner. It is necessary to acquire a basic knowledge skill for the target not to be able to reach by establishing the Japanese room in Social Education, and teaching Japanese but to live in Japan. ’νδι1975Contents concerning international literacy since the age Persepolis declaration. That is,@Reading and writing and calculation ability of characterAAbility that communications can be doneBAbility that skill can be demonstrated in societyCAbility of functional literacyDIt is a promotion of the cultural creation society and revolution abilities. It is necessary to recognize the difference from the one of the sense of Japanese acquisition for traveling abroad. The purpose of literacy is the one to cannot the reading and writing of own life language but life to mean alienation from the inconvenient sheath society and liberating from suppression. A target target of the compulsory education of our country competes as a content that they should acquire as a base of life in Japan when educationally thinking about these.
As for the constitution of Japan, when he or she is equal, all the people are singing the equality of the right of the person who has a Japanese nationality under the law. In addition, the International Covenants on Human Rights that Japan also ratified states inside and outside equal person's principle. There is an obligation to secure the settled foreigner's labor, social security, and education equally in the country from this idea. There will be an obligation to do the compulsory education of nine years in the country of Japan also in foreigners who live in Japan. If it is neither an education it is nor a study organization of the school type, to do educational security of full-time and the supplementation of nine years in present regulations, it is not possible to secure it. It is only a night junior high school that provides the adult who exceeds the school age period with the condition of filling this in no small way today though the compulsory education measure of children of the school age period has been straightened at last recently. Those who uncomplete it the compulsory education in them think that there is a right to enjoy all compulsory educations of our country. Even as for the spirit of an inside and outside equal person of International Covenants on Human Rights and the spirit of Refugees Convention, this becomes more important. The revolution is urged, and the settled foreigner is Local Autonomy Law. closing nationality sense of current Japan10The world opinion that it is the citizens who say to the article, it is a resident, and it is necessary to give voting rights in local elections is becoming strong. The international sensibility is requested as for educational administration.
(3)Class management
In the study of literacy, individual study of man-to-man is the most preferable. It is because individuality and the ability of an individual student are very different. Moreover, this is not the one of the extent of saying as the ability difference of the student of school age student's class. To take a near studying pattern unlimitedly and individually dividing one class into a small group, the guidance method is devised at the school. However, it is the same to be based on the teacher constant method (class organization of public compulsory education various schools and laws concerning the standard of the school personnel constant) of the night junior high school that needs the leader more. Not only the teacher but also a general person puts in to the guidance organization as a volunteer, and the guidance organization has been assembled in that situation as handicapped person's nurser and educational staff in the school education during the Unebi night during the law of nature north night of Nara. The amateur cannot teach it by unlicensed at public compulsory education various schools usually. It is a very possible, practical method if it sees from the literacy activity of the night junior high school of the reality though this is illegal if "An educational staff should be a person who has the license of the nuclear corresponding given by this law" (Education Personnel Certification Article 3) is interpreted in formalism. Most has been being supported during a private literacy class and an independent night by this volunteer. Being done distinguishing the content and the curriculum of the meeting literacy of guidance of an educational staff and an elaborate staff of course in these schools is needless to say.
It is not the medium grade most
to maintain the organization to the night junior high school for civilian
volunteer's relations. When the method is suitable under a human, educational
condition of a night junior high school school insufficient now, it is
appreciable to manage it in sha
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